Research Engineer

Bruce MacWilliams, Ph.D.

Professor, Department of Orthopedics, University of Utah

Director of Research, Shriners Children’s Salt Lake City Director of Motion Analysis Center, Shriners Children’s Salt Lake City ad8ghh@r.postjobfree.com 801-***-**** Salt Lake City, UT https://www.linkedin.com/in/bruce-macwilliams-15930319 https://medicine.utah.edu/orthopaedics/research/labs/movement-analysis Biomechanical engineer with over 20 years of experience in clinical motion analysis and movement research. Leadership experience supervising an orthopedic biomechanics research laboratory, clinical gait analysis laboratories, and research programs. Areas of expertise include kinematic modeling, biomechanical analysis, clinical orthopedic research, machine learning, and statistics with fluency in R, Matlab, Python, and other programming languages.

Professional Experience

Director of Motion Analysis Center 1996-present

Shriners Children’s Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, UT – Pediatric orthopedic specialty hospital and clinic which includes a state-of-the-art motion analysis center established in 1996.

• Responsible for overseeing all aspects of clinical gait analysis service

• Provide biomechanical expertise and orthopedics knowledge to interpret clinical gait results and assist surgeons with treatment planning

• Direct supervision of three full time staff members including support staff and physical therapists

• Development of new models, integration of new technologies and modalities

• Initiate and conduct research projects including obtaining extramural funding

• Publication of findings and presentations of research to local, national, and international audiences

• Development, maintenance, and continual improvement of a custom clinical database currently housing data from over 8,000 patient visits

• Software development and deployment of custom processing and reporting tools

• Responsible for procuring and expenditures of annual budget Professor of Orthopedics 1996-present

Department of Orthopedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT – I joined the department as a full faculty member at the level of Associate Professor upon moving to Utah to build and direct the new motion analysis center. Through the retention and promotion process I currently hold the rank of Professor. When I joined the department it was staffed by twelve surgeons and two PhD researchers. Today there are more than 40 physicians and 10 researchers.

• Collaborate with physicians on motion based projects

• Providing expertise on statistical and research methods

• Establish multidisciplinary research program

• Provide teaching, mentoring to and guide the research projects of residents and fellows MacWilliams, Bruce 2

Director of Research 2016-present

Shriners Children’s Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, UT – Medical staff includes multiple specialty services including spine, hand, foot and ankle, limb deformity, fracture, and neurology that all required research support.

• Organization of all research efforts

• Provide statistical support and analysis for projects

• Contribute statistical and other methodological knowledge to grants and publications

• Liaison to the national Shriners Children’s research infrastructure

• Direct supervision of three research coordinators (2016-2020) Bioengineering Professor 2007-2014

University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT – The Bioengineering department asked me to develop and teach a course on Human Movement Analysis after I had given guest lectures in some other courses. This course was offered in alternating years. Assistant Director Orthopedic Biomechanics Lab 1992-1996 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD – This laboratory was located at the Good Samaritan Hospital and housed state of the art facilities for specimen testing and computer visualization.

• Local on-site administrator directly overseeing 8-12 full time personnel including support staff, staff engineers, and MD and PhD research fellows

• Directly responsible for grant administration including NIH R01, SBIR, and industry awards

• Responsible for all aspects of development of a hydraulic six degree of freedom knee simulator and specimen testing performed with this custom device

• Held positions of both post-doctoral fellow (1992-1994) and instructor (1994-1996) during this tenure Director of Gait Analysis Lab 1995-1996

Children’s Hospital, Baltimore – This laboratory housed a clinical gait analysis service utilized by the Johns Hopkins’ pediatric orthopedic surgeons. In addition, the facility was used for sports motion analysis.

• Responsible for overseeing all aspects of clinical gait and sports analysis service

• Direct supervision of one physical therapist and one technician Instructor 1992

Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA – Upon completion of my PhD I was appointed to teach courses for a semester in the Mechanical Engineering Department of this small prestigious New England college known for its engineering curriculum and project based educational philosophy.

• Engineering Mechanics – Static Analysis

• Engineering Mechanics – Stress Analysis

• Machine Design Principles

MacWilliams, Bruce 3

Education

Post-Doctoral Fellowship in Orthopedic Biomechanics 1992-1994 Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD

Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical Engineering with Biomechanics Interest 1988-1992 Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA

Dissertation: Arterial mechanics and atherosclerosis GPA: 3.9

Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering with Biomechanics Interest 1986-1988 Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA

Thesis: Arterial wall stresses present in the transverse clip stenosis GPA: 3.7

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering with Biomedical Interest 1982-1986 Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA

Graduated with Distinction

Academic History

University of Utah, Salt Lake City Utah

Department of Orthopedics

• Promotion, Professor 2021-present

• Associate Professor 2009-2011

• Assistant Professor 1997-2009

Department of Physical Therapy, Adjunct Appointment 1998-present Department of Bioengineering, Adjunct Appointment 1999-present Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adjunct Appointment 2000-present Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Instructor 1994-1996 Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instructor 1992 Service

Editorial Experience

• Editorial Board, Journal of Gait & Posture 2007-present

• Associate Editor, ASME Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 2021-present Reviewer Experience

Frequent reviewer for many biomechanical and orthopaedic focused journals including Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, Journal of Biomechanics, Journal of Gait and Posture, Foot & Ankle International, Clinical Biomechanics, and Child Neurology and Developmental Medicine Professional Organization & Scientific Activities

• President, Gait and Clinical Movement Analysis Society 2012-2014

• Past-President, Gait and Clinical Movement Analysis Society 2014-2016

• Advisory Board, Gait and Clinical Movement Analysis Society 2016-2018 MacWilliams, Bruce 4

• NIH Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Sciences Study Section reviewer 2009-2015

• Sherman S. Coleman Resident Research Fund reviewer 2004-2007

• Steering Task Force (elected) for Shriners Movement Analysis Laboratory Network 2001-2002

• Laboratory Development and Enhancement committee for Shriners Movement Analysis Laboratory Network 2002-2020

• Research committee (chair) for Shriners Movement Analysis Laboratory Network 2005-2007 Symposium/Meeting Chair/Coordinator

• Local host and meeting coordinator

1st Shriners Movement Analysis Laboratory Network meeting on standardization 2001

• Local host and meeting coordinator

2nd Shriners Movement Analysis Laboratory Network meeting on standardization 2008

• Program Chair

JEGM 2010: 2nd Joint European Society of Movement Analysis for Adults and Children (ESMAC) and Gait and Clinical Movement Analysis Society (GCMAS) Meeting 2010

• Conference Chair

Gait and Clinical Movement Analysis Society 22nd Annual Meeting 2017 Funding

In my role as motion analysis laboratory director, my position is fully funded to run the clinical service and research is clinically focused, thus grant funding is in most cases not necessary to maintain a productive and robust research program. However, when certain prospective studies require funding or student assistance is required, I have been successful in attaining the necessary monies to support these efforts.

• Local Principal Investigator

Defining treatment outcomes and genetic architecture in Idiopathic Toe Walking (ITW) Shriners Hospitals for Children, $43,460 2022-present

• Local Principal Investigator

Long-term outcomes of selective dorsal rhizotomy among individuals with cerebral palsy compared to a matched control group Gillette Children’s Specialty Healthcare, $105,000-****-****

• Local Principal Investigator

FARG II: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study of strength, body composition and outcome assessments in ambulatory children with Shriners Hospitals for Children, $39,300-****-****

• Principal Investigator

Development of an accurate and repeatable foot model for clinical gait analysis Shriners Hospitals for Children, Grant 8954, $91,705-****-****

• Principal Investigator

Simulation of rectus transfer surgery in a cadaver model Shriners Hospitals for Children, Grant 8530, $24,105-****-****

• Principal Investigator

Development of a multi-segment kinematic and kinetic foot model for clinical decision making

Shriners Hospitals for Children, Grant 8250, $23,900-****-**** MacWilliams, Bruce 5

• Principal Investigator

Comparison of stainless steel, absorbable, and allograft bone screws in a medial malleolar fracture model

Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation, $14,340-****-**** Teaching and Mentoring

Course and Curriculum Development

• Developed complete course curriculum for and lectured Human Movement Analysis, a graduate level course offered in alternating years for the Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 2007-2014

• Developed original course material and presented biomechanics didactic lectures to the orthopedic surgery residents at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 1994-1996

• Instructed courses in Statics, Stress Analysis and Machine Design Principles for the Mechanical Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 1992

Guest Lectures and Laboratory Teaching

• Provided annual lectures on movement analysis to physical medicine and rehabilitation residents at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 2016-present

• Provided annual lectures and practical laboratories on movement analysis to bioengineering graduate students at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 1999-2014

Students Supervised

Post-Doctoral Fellows

• Michael Skipper Andersen Ph.D., Aalborg University, Denmark Optimization of kinematics in biomechanical systems 2009

• Teri Chou, Ph.D., University of Utah, Bioengineering Outcomes derived from gait analysis recommendations 2007-2008 PhD Candidates

• Prabhav Saraswat, University of Utah, Bioengineering Musculoskeletal foot model for clinical gait analysis 2007-2011

• Michael Anderson, University of Utah, Bioengineering Simulation of rectus transfer surgery in a cadaver model 2002-2007 Masters Candidates

• Thomas Zumbrunn, University of Utah, Bioengineering Evaluation of a single limb balance protocol in adolescents 2009-2010

• Takashi Nagai, University of Utah, Exercise and Sport Science Knee forces during cutting and jumping maneuvers 2003-2004

• Seung-Jae Kim, University of Utah, Bioengineering Transfer of the posterior tibialis tendon: Biomechanical comparison of rerouting methods 2000-2001

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• Matthew Cowley, University of Utah, Mechanical Engineering Development of a multi-segment kinematic and kinetic foot model for clinical decision making 1999-2000

Orthopedic Surgery Fellow Research Projects

• David Bennet, M.D., University of Utah, Orthopaedics Brace correction factors in outcomes for correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis 2014-2015

• David Chong, M.D., University of Utah, Orthopaedics Prospective comparison of subtalar arthroereisis to lateral column lengthening for painful flatfeet 2013-2014

• Amanda Purcell, M.D., University of Utah, Orthopaedics Outcomes of Ponseti casting in arthrogryposis 2022-2023 Orthopedic Surgery Resident Research Projects

• Olivia Grothaus, M.D., University of Utah, Orthopaedics Drop landing analysis of rotational osteotomies 2022-2023

• Benjamin Curtis, M.D., University of Utah, Orthopaedics Comparison of outcomes between Evans calcaneal lengthening and subtalar screw using a kinematic foot model 2008-2009

• Matthew Sardelli, M.D., University of Utah, Orthopaedics Elbow range of motion during activities of daily living 2007-2009

• Kevin Logel, M.D., University of Utah, Orthopaedics Evaluation of an active controlled above knee prosthesis 2003-2004

• James Davitt, M.D., University of Utah, Orthopaedics Plantar pressure and radiographic changes following distal calcaneal lengthening in children and adolescents 1999-2001

Medical Student Research Projects

• Catherine Call - PGY 2, Tufts University, Women in Orthopedics Scholarship A Retrospective review of halo gravity traction treatment 2022

• Paighton Noel - PGY 2-3, University of Utah

Women in Orthopedics and Helen Lemieux Scholarships Failure rates of reconstructive surgery for paralytic hip subluxation in cerebral palsy patients 2021-2022

• Olivia Pearson - PGY 2, Tufts University, Women in Orthopedics Scholarship Patient reported outcomes of adolescents treated with guided growth to correct idiopathic genu valgum 2021

• Matthew Talmage, Pre-Med, University of Louisville, Helen Lemieux Scholarship Incidence of recurrent paralytic hip subluxation after reconstructive bone surgery in cerebral palsy 2020

• Emma Naatz - PGY 2, University of Utah, Helen Lemieux Scholarship Outcome of GSFL surgery in ambulatory cerebral palsy 2019

• Hannah Dreksler, PGY 2, University of Utah, Helen Lemieux Scholarship EDF casting for early-onset scoliosis 2018

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• Alyssa Thorman - PGY 2, University of Utah, Women in Orthopedics Scholarship Outcomes of surgery for hip dysplasia in non-ambulatory children with cerebral palsy 2019

• Whitney Moss, PGY 2, University of Utah, Women in Orthopedics Scholarship Incidence of equinus recurrence in cerebral palsy following GSFL 2018

• Alexandra Nielson, PGY 2, University of Utah, Helen Lemieux Scholarship Treatment of Infantile idiopathic scoliosis with EDF casting 2017

• Sarada Prasad, Pre-Med, Kalamazoo College

Relationship between dynamic motor control and gross motor function 2017-2018

• Steven Bettwieser, Pre-Med, University of Utah

Outcomes derived from gait analysis recommendations 2008-2009

• Todd Grunander, MS2, University of Utah

A comparison of anthropometric and motion based determinations of hip joint centers 2003-2004

• Alex Mohr, MS4, University of Utah

Pre- and post-operative gait analysis of stapling for genu valgum 2001-2002

• Robert Hall, Pre-Med, University of Utah

Changes in plantar pressure following medial malleolar screw epiphysiodesis for ankle valgus 2001-2002

• Jason Oliviero, MS2, University of Virginia

Short term outcome comparisons of TAL procedures in children with CP 2000-2001 Graduate Student Committees, University of Uath

• Koren Roach, Ph.D., Bioengineering 2014-2018

• Babak Hejrati, Ph.D., Bioengineering 2010-2015

• Byung-Ju Yoo, Ph.D., Mechanical Engineering 2012-2015

• Chee-Hoi Leong, Ph.D., Exercise Sports Science 2011-2015

• Michael Harris, Ph.D., Bioengineering 2009-2013

• Kasey Greenland, Ph.D., Mechanical Engineering 2009-2012

• Linfang Yang, Ph.D., Mechanical Engineering 2009-2011

• Philip Dyer, Ph.D., Mechanical Engineering 2009-2011

• Trevor Shelton, Masters, Bioengineering 2008-2009

• Megan Aanstoos, Masters, Bioengineering 2007-2008

• Andrew Merryweather, PhD, Mechanical Engineering 2006-2008

• Prabhav Saraswat, PhD, Bioengineering (Chair) 2005-2011

• Jeremy Borchert, Masters, Bioengineering 2005-2006

• Teri Chou, PhD, Bioengineering 2004-2007

• Takashi Nagai, Masters, Exercise Sports Science 2003-2004

• Michael Anderson, PhD, Bioengineering (Chair) 2002-2007

• Seung-Jae Kim, Masters, Bioengineering 2000-2001

• Matthew Cowley, Masters, Mechanical Engineering 1999-2000 MacWilliams, Bruce 8

• Robin Marcus, PhD, Physical Therapy 1998-2001

• Lee Dibble, PhD, Physical Therapy 1998-2001

Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles

1. Talar and Calcaneal Coordinate Axes Definitions Across Foot Pathologies Knutson K, Muhlrad EP, Peterson AC, Leonard T, Anderson AM, Aragon KC, Eatough ZJ, MacWilliams BA, Kruger KM, Lenz AL.

Journal of Biomechanics, In Press. 2024.

2. Recommendation of minimal distal tibial length for long axis coordinate system definitions. Muhlrad EP, Peterson AC, Anderson AM, Aragon KC, Lisonbee RJ, MacWilliams BA, Kruger KM, Lenz AL. Journal of Biomechanics 170: Online ahead of print. 2024 3. The Shriners Children's Gait Model (SCGM).

Kruger KM, Fischer P, Augsburger S, Feng J, Girouard JF, Gregory DL, Johnson L, MacWilliams BA, McMulkin ML, Nelson B, Warshauer S, Saraswat P, Chafetz RS. Gait & Posture.110:84-109, 2024. PMID: 38552301

4. Drop landing analysis of rotational osteotomies. Stevens PM, Grothaus OF, MacWilliams BA

British Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics B., Online ahead of print. 2023. PMID: 37751370 5. Is peak hamstrings muscle-tendon length criteria a sufficient indicator to rule out surgical lengthening of hamstrings?

Saraswat P, MacWilliams BA, McMulkin ML, Carpenter AM, Shull E, Carroll KL, Stotts AK, Sousa T, Hyer LC, Westberry DE

Gait & Posture. 105:149-157, 2023. PMID: 37573759

6. Long-term effects of spasticity reducing treatment, including selective dorsal rhizotomy, on joint kinematic outcomes of persons with cerebral palsy. McMulkin ML, MacWilliams BA, Duffy EA, Munger MR, Chen BP-J, Novacheck TF, Carroll KL, Stotts AK, Carter LH, Mader SL, Hayes B, Baird GO, Schwartz MH Gait & Posture. 105:139-148, 2023. PMID: 37572544

7. Highly selective motor nerve blockade and movement analysis for the evaluation and management of complex spasticity: An ultrasound technique for visualizing motor nerves. Sanders JC, MacWilliams BA, Prasad S, Mahan MA

Neuro Rehabilitation. 53(1):131-141, 2023. PMID: 37424482 8. Patient reported outcomes of adolescents treated with guided growth to correct idiopathic genu valgum.

Carroll KL, Stotts AK, Pearson OC, MacWilliams BA

Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 43(3):162-167, 2023. PMID: 36728498 9. A model for understanding the causes and consequences of walking impairments. Schwartz MH, Steele KM, Georgiadis A, Ries A, MacWilliams BA PLoS ONE. 17(12):e0270731, 2022. PMID: 36576918

10. Age-stratified outcomes of Mehta casting in idiopathic early-onset scoliosis: A multicenter review. Fedorak GT, MacWilliams BA, Stasikelis P, Szczodry M, Lerman J, Pahys JM, D’Astous JL Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 104(22):1977-1983, 2022. PMID: 36137064 MacWilliams, Bruce 9

11. Discrimination between hereditary spastic paraplegia and cerebral palsy based on gait analysis data: a machine learning approach.

MacWilliams BA, Stotts AK, Carroll KL, Schwartz MH: Gait & Posture. 98:34-38, 2022. PMID: 36041285

12. Causal factors affecting gross motor function in children diagnosed with cerebral palsy. MacWilliams BA, Prasad S, Shuckra AL, Schwartz MH

PLoS ONE 17(7): e0270121. PMID: 35849563

13. Factors affecting slip progression after in situ screw fixation of stable slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Makarewich CA, Wait ES, Fedorak GT, MacWilliams BA Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 42(5):e414-e420, 2022. PMID: 352*****-**. Outcome of gastrocnemius soleus facial lengthening in ambulatory patients with cerebral palsy. Stotts AK, Carroll KL, Naatz E, MacWilliams BA

Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 42(1):e65-e71, 2022. PMID: 348*****-**. Long-term effects of spasticity reducing treatment, including selective dorsal rhizotomy, on outcomes of individuals with cerebral palsy. MacWilliams BA, McMulkin ML, Duffy EA, Munger ME, Chen B P-J, Novacheck TF, Carroll KL, Stotts AK, Carter LH, Mader SL, Hayes B, Baird GO, Schwartz MH Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 64(5):561-568, 2022. PMID: 347*****-**. Assignment of local coordinate systems and methods to calculate tibiotalar and subtalar kinematics: A systematic review.

Lenz AL, Strobel MA, Anderson AM, Fial AV, MacWilliams BA, Krzak JJ, Kruger KM: Journal of Biomechanics, 120:110344, 2021. PMID: 337*****-**. Synergies analysis produces consistent results between motion analysis laboratories. MacWilliams BA, McMulkin ML, Rozumalski A, Schwartz MH Gait & Posture. 86:139-143, 2021. PMID: 33725581

18. The modified Shriners Hospitals for Children Greenville (mSHCG) multi-segment foot model provides clinically acceptable measurements of ankle and midfoot angles: a dual fluoroscopy study. Roach KE, Foreman B, MacWilliams BA, Karposb K, Nichols J, Anderson AE Gait & Posture. Epub ahead of print. 2021. PMID: 336*****-**. Factors influencing outcomes of the dysplastic hip in non-ambulatory children with cerebral palsy. Carroll KL, Stotts AK, Baird GO, Thorman AL, Talmage M, McMulkin ML, MacWilliams BA Journal of Pediatric Orthpaedics. 41(4):221-226, 2021. PMID: 335*****-**. What is the cost of a "Cast Holiday" in treating children with early onset scoliosis (EOS) with elongation derotation flexion (EDF, "Mehta") casting? Fedorak GT, Dreksler H, MacWilliams BA, D'Astous JL Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 40(8):396-400, 2020. PMID: 321*****-**. Center of pressure metrics derived from spatially registered typically developing data. MacWilliams BA, McMulkin ML, Saraswat P, Davis RB

Gait & Posture. 76:22-27, 2020. PMID: 31715430

22. Minimum 5-year follow-up of Mehta casting to treat idiopathic early-onset scoliosis. Fedorak GT, D'Astous JL, Nielson AN, MacWilliams BA, Heflin JA Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery [Am]. 101(17):1530-1538, 2019. PMID: 31483395 MacWilliams, Bruce 10

23. Comparing the effects of two spasticity management strategies on the long-term outcomes of individuals with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy: a multicentre cohort study protocol. Munger ME, Chen BP, MacWilliams BA, McMulkin ML, Schwartz MH BMJ Open. 9(6):e027486, 2019. PMID: 3122753

24. Higher medially-directed joint reaction forces are a characteristic of dysplastic hips: A comparative study using subject-specific musculoskeletal models. Harris MD, MacWilliams BA, Foreman KB, Peters CL, Weiss JA, Anderson AE Journal of Biomechanics. 54:80-87, 2017. PMID: 282*****-**. Femoral shaft osteotomy for obligate outward rotation due to SCFE. Stevens PM, Anderson L, MacWilliams BA

Strategies in Trauma and Limb Reconstruction. 12(1):27-33, 2017. PMID: 282*****-**. Utilization and efficacy of computational gait analysis for hamstring lengthening surgery. MacWilliams BA, Stotts AK, Carroll KL, D'Astous JL Gait & Posture. 49:394-397, 2016. PMID: 27505142

27. Biomechanical changes associated with femoral derotational osteotomy. MacWilliams BA, McMulkin ML, Davis RB, Westberry DE, Baird GO, Stevens PM Gait & Posture 49:202-206, 2016. PMID: 27450671

28. Prospective comparison of subtalar arthroereisis with lateral column lengthening for painful flatfeet. Chong DY, MacWilliams BA, Hennessey TA, Teske N, Stevens PM British Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 24(4):345-53, 2015. PMID: 258*****-**. The occurrence of occult acetabular dysplasia in relatives of individuals with developmental dysplasia of the hip.

Carroll KL, Schiffern AN, Murray KA, Stevenson DA, Viskochil DH, Toydemir R, MacWilliams BA, Roach JW

Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 36(1):96-100, 2016. PMID: 257*****-**. Application of the Gillette Gait Index, Gait Deviation Index and Gait Profile Score to multiple clinical pediatric populations.

McMulkin ML, MacWilliams BA

Gait & Posture 41(2):608-12, 2015. PMID: 25623856

31. Three-dimensional lumbar spine vertebral motion during running using indwelling bone pins. MacWilliams BA, Rozumalski A, Swanson AN, Wervey R, Dykes DC, Novacheck TF, Schwartz MH Spine 39(26) e1560-1565, 2014. PMID: 25341976

32. Plyometric training: Effectiveness and optimal duration for children with unilateral cerebral palsy. Johnson BA, Salzberg S, MacWilliams BA, Shuckra AL, D'Astous JL Pediatric Physical Therapy 26(2):169-179, 2014. PMID: 246*****-**. Postural control in children with and without neurofibromatosis type 1. Johnson BA, MacWilliams BA, Stevenson DA

Human Movement Science 34:157-63, 2014. PMID: 246*****-**. The assessment of three dimensional lumbar spine vertebral motion during gait utilizing indwelling bone pins.

MacWilliams BA, Rozumalski A, Swanson AN, Wervey R, Dykes DC, Novacheck TF, Schwartz MH Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery [Am] 95(23) e1841-1848, 2013. PMID: 24306707 MacWilliams, Bruce 11

35. Addressing some misperceptions of the joint coordinate system. MacWilliams BA, Davis RB

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 135(5):54506, 2013. PMID: 242*****-**. Kinematics and kinetics of normal and planovalgus feet during walking. Saraswat P, MacWilliams BA, Davis RB

Gait & Posture 39(1):339-345, 2014. PMID: 240*****-**. Re: Biomechanical comparison between 2 guided-growth constructs. MacWilliams BA, Stevens PM

Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 34(4):479-480, 2014. PMID: 238*****-**. A multi-segment foot model based on anatomically registered technical coordinate systems: Method repeatability and sensitivity in pediatric planovalgus feet. Saraswat P, MacWilliams BA, Davis RB

Gait & Posture, 37(1):121-125, 2013. PMID: 228*****-**. Lower extremity strength and hopping and jumping ground reaction forces in children with neurofibromatosis type 1.

Johnson BA, MacWilliams BA, Carey JC, Viskochil DH, D'Astous JL, Stevenson DA. Human Movement Science 31(1):247-254, 2012. PMID: 219*****-**. A multi-segment foot model based on anatomically registered technical coordinate systems: Method repeatability in pediatric feet.

Saraswat P, MacWilliams BA, Davis RB

Gait & Posture 35(4):547-555, 2012. PMID: 221*****-**. Guided growth for correction of knee flexion deformity: a series of four cases. MacWilliams BA, Harjinder B, Stevens PM

Strategies in Trauma and Limb Reconstruction 6(2):83-90, 2011. PMID: 217*****-**. Functional decline in children undergoing selective dorsal rhizotomy after age 10. MacWilliams BA, Johnson BA, Shuckra AL, D'Astous JL Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 53(8):717-23, 2011. PMID: 216*****-**. Evaluation of a single leg stance balance test in children. Zumbrunn T, MacWilliams BA, Johnson BA

Gait & Posture 34(2):174-177, 2011. PMID: 215*****-**. Functional Elbow Range of Motion for Contemporary Tasks. Sardelli M, Tashjian RZ and MacWilliams BA

Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 93(5):471-7, 2011. PMID: 213*****-**. A longitudinal case study of revision surgery to correct a failed rectus femoris transfer. MacWilliams BA and D’Astous JL

Current Orthopaedic Practice 22(5): 464-467, 2011. DOI: 10.1097/BCO.0b013e31822836d9 46. Distal tibial rotation osteotomies normalize frontal plane knee moments. MacWilliams BA, McMulkin ML, Baird GO, and Stevens PM Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery [Am] 92(17): 2835-2842, 2010. PMID: 211*****-**. Motor proficiency in children with neurofibromatosis type 1. Johnson BA, MacWilliams BA, Carey JC, Viskochil DH, D'Astous JL, Stevenson DA Pediatric Physical Therapy 22(4): 344-8, 2010. PMID: 21068634 MacWilliams, Bruce 12

48. A regression method for strength comparisons in children. MacWilliams BA, Shuckra AL, Mavor TP

Gait & Posture 32(3): 416-418, 2010. PMID: 205*****-**. Gait and functional implications of bilateral, partial calcanectomy: case report. Beals TC, MacWilliams BA, Webster J and Nickisch F Foot and Ankle International 31(5): 448-451, 2010. PMID: 204*****-**. A musculoskeletal foot model for clinical gait analysis. Saraswat P, Andersen MS, MacWilliams BA

Journal of Biomechanics 43(9): 1645-52, 2010. PMID: 203*****-**. A functional axis based upper extremity model and associated calibration procedures. MacWilliams BA, Sardelli M and Tashjian RZ

Gait & Posture 31(2): 289-291, 2010. PMID: 199*****-**. Mechanical axis following stapling epiphysiodesis for limb length inequality. Gorman TM, Vanderwerff R, Pond M, MacWilliams BA, Santora SD Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery [Am] 91(10): 2430-2439, 2009. PMID: 197*****-**. A computationally efficient optimisation-based method for parameter identification of kinematically determinate and over-determinate biomechanical systems. Andersen MS, MacWilliams BA and Rasmussen J

Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 19: 1-13, 2009. PMID: 196*****-**. A cadaver knee simulator to evaluate the biomechanics of rectus femoris transfer. Anderson MC, Brown NAT, Bachus KN, MacWilliams BA

Gait & Posture 30(1): 87-92, 2009. PMID: 19403312

55. A comparison of four functional methods to determine centers and axes of rotation. MacWilliams BA

Gait & Posture 28(4): 673-679, 2008. PMID: 185*****-**. Intersite variations of the Gillette gait index. McMulkin ML and MacWilliams BA

Gait & Posture 28(3): 483-487, 2008. PMID: 184*****-**. Superficial versus deep transfer of the posterior tibialis tendon. D’Astous JL, MacWilliams BA, Kim S-J, Bachus, KN

Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 25(2): 245-248, 2005. PMID: 157*****-**. Sensory cueing effects on maximal speed gait initiation in persons with Parkinson's disease and healthy elders.

Dibble LE, Nicholson DE, Shultz B, MacWilliams BA, Marcus RL, Moncur C Gait & Posture 19(3): 215-225, 2004. PMID:

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